Major League Soccer (MLS) is at a pivotal moment, weighing the possibility of introducing a promotion and relegation system alongside its ongoing expansion. Commissioner Don Garber has openly discussed restructuring the league to address concerns about fan engagement and competitive balance.

Current MLS Structure and Challenges

Currently, MLS consists of 30 teams divided equally between the Eastern and Western Conferences. This growth, while positive, presents challenges in maintaining strong fan connections across all teams. Many supporters find it difficult to fully engage with such a large number of clubs.

A Closed League Model

Since its founding in 1993, MLS has operated as a closed league. This means teams are not demoted based on performance, nor are teams promoted from lower divisions based on success. Expansion occurs through substantial franchise fees, with San Diego FC recently paying a record $500 million for a spot in 2025.

The European Model and USL's Plans

The English Premier League serves as a contrasting example, operating within a tiered system alongside the English Football League (EFL), which includes the Championship, League One, and League Two. This structure, encompassing over 90 teams, allows for clubs to move between divisions based on merit.

USL's Impact

The United Soccer League (USL) is set to implement promotion and relegation starting in the 2027-28 season. This move is prompting MLS to consider a similar system to maintain its position as the top-tier league and avoid being surpassed by a more dynamic lower division.

Future Considerations

Don Garber acknowledges the eventual likelihood of promotion and relegation in the U.S., but emphasizes it won’t occur while the league relies heavily on debt-funded expansion. He suggests the conversation will evolve once stadiums become established assets, similar to iconic venues like Yankee Stadium.

The debate revolves around balancing the financial interests of current MLS owners with the desire for a more engaging and meritocratic system. Introducing promotion and relegation could attract more investment, increase fan interest, and foster greater competition, but it would also introduce uncertainty for existing franchises and require significant structural changes.